A critical review of five language washback studies from 1995-2007: Methodological considerations

Appendix 1:
Some Possible Washback Hypotheses Suggested by Alderson and Wall
(1993, pp. 120-121)

  1. A test will influence teaching.
  2. A test will influence learning.
  3. A test will influence what teachers teach; and
  4. A test will influence how teachers teach
  5. A test will influence what learners learn
  6. A test will influence how learners learn
  7. A test will influence the rate and sequence of teaching; and
  8. A test will influence the rate and sequence of learning
  9. A test will influence the degree and depth of teaching
  10. A test will influence the degree and depth of learning
  11. A test will influence attitude towards the content, method, etc., of teaching and learning
  12. Tests that have important consequences will have washback; conversely,
  13. Tests that do not have important consequences will have no washback
  14. Tests will have washback on all learners and teachers

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Appendix 2:
Bailey's Basic Model of Washback
(1996, p. 264)
Appendix 2
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